Understanding The Act Of Heroism Philosophy Essay

Understanding The Act Of Heroism Philosophy Essay Courage comprises of activities that must help other people, regardless of whether it is a chance and danger of the assistants injury or even passing. A few people believe bravery to be extremely near philanthropy, however it is unique. Where benevolence underscores self-denying acts that help other people, gallantry implies a giving up of one's own priorities. The piece of courage turns around of the commitment of the individual to a respectable objective and availability to acknowledge a result of battling for this objective. Gallantry is old as mankind itself. The human bowed fortification celebrating legends is a widespread nature of human culture. Legends are regarded in old artworks, old stories and fantasy. Social orders dispatched such stories in oral conventions and legends, and fantasies into epic sonnets and eddas. Current social orders maintain the convention of regarding legends in actually magnum opuses as well as in motion pictures and news coverage. Some of courageous thoughts are getting lost or changed by general culture. Being a legend isn't simply being an extraordinary figure. We trust it has gotten needful to modify the authentic faculties of the word, and to constrain it to show up in current time periods. Verifiably, courage has been firmly associated with military help, albeit social gallantry additionally merits close examination. For example, Achilles is the model war legend, whose qualities were solid to such an extent, that Socrates eagerness to kick the bucket for it was additionally a brave adventure. Courage that comprise an eminent thought is normally not all that emotional like chivalry that involves direct physical hazard. These various methods of admonishing with the chivalrous perfect mean a more profound, progressively tangled meaning of gallantry. Activities considered as courageous are commonly appeared well and good that they are not constrained by outside weights or if nothing else go out the limits of the conduct custo marily provoked by outer weights. By comprehension of chivalry as a widespread trait of human instinct, not as an abnormal component, gallantry becomes something that remains in the line of opportunities for everybody, perhaps motivating us to answer that call. The contemplated the cliché of valor uncovers the legend of the courageous choose. It is a legend that reinforces two major human inclinations: to characteristic exceptionally uncommon individual component to unique individuals who do extraordinary accomplishments to consider them to be superhuman, contrasting with all of us and the snare of inertial a few people call it as the spectator impact. Examination has indicated that this impact is regularly roused by dissipating of duty. In their article The Banality of Heroism, Zeno Franco and Philip Zimbardo tell that bravery is comprised of four self-sufficient estimations at any rate (in view of writers examination of numerous demonstrations that they consider heroic). First, chivalry includes some sort of journey, which may go from the conservation of life to the protection of a perfect (Franco, Zimbardo). Second, bravery ought to have some type of penance (chance). This can be some type of physical peril or a solid social penance. The physical dangers for this situation are unmistakably courageous in nature. For example, Tom Cahill, a scientist from the University of California, called a question and answer session where characterized the EPAs discoveries that in the after-grass of the September 11 occasions the air close by Ground Zero was alright for relaxing. With this activity he took a chance with his certainty as a researcher. Third, the gallant accomplishment might be dynamic or inactive. Regularly we consider valor a gallant action, something that is obviously discernible. In any case, a few types of courage include uninvolved restriction or hesitance to be moved. Lastly, valor might be a sudden, once activity, or something that proceeds over a more drawn out timeframe. This may have an implying that courage might be an almost quick response to a circumstance. Or on the other hand it might be a very much considered arrangement of activities suffer over days, months, or a lifetime. Franco and Zimbardo give such a model: in 1940, a Japanese representative authority in Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara, marked in excess of 2,000 visas for Jews planning to get away from the Nazi attack, in spite of his legislatures direct requests not to do as such. Each morning when Sugihara got up and settled on a similar choice to help, each time he marked a visa, he acted nobly and improved the probability of desperate ramifications for himself and his family. Toward the finish of the war he was uncere moniously terminated from the Japanese common help (Franco and Zimbardo). The researchers stress that even individuals who have driven not exactly striking lives can be courageous in a solitary second. For example, during Hurricane Katrina, a man whose name is Jabar Gibson, who was recently captured previously, took a transport, freighted it with residents of his poor New Orleans environs, and conveyed them to wellbeing Houston. This accomplishment individuals of Louisiana considered as gallantry, on the grounds that will be that solid circumstance Jabar helped urgent individuals essentially to endure. The truly fascinating examination which called The courage of ladies and men was finished by Selwyn W. Becker (University of Chicago) and Alice H. Eagly (Northwestern University). They research gallantry of both genders in perilous settings. Their investigation permits looking at the thoughts that courage is performed by ladies just as men. It is notable that generally men were depict ed as saints in legends, sonnets and eddas. It is reasonable, as a result of their quality, more noteworthy size and physical abilities. It is additionally notable that since perfect occasions men viewed as trackers. Be that as it may, we ought not overlook that ladies in their turn consistently viewed as smart, to some degree tricky and without a doubt, skilful. The ladies may locate the correct choice all the more regularly in view of their notable intuition, so it is most likely that they may face a challenge with a similar duty as men. Additionally, the ladies all the more regularly trust their sentiments and internal faculties, their instinct and at times it helps in those circumstances when it needs to forfeit. At that point, who says that ladies are increasingly scared of giving up? There are a great deal of models on the planet writing when they settled on such truly bold choices appearing in such a manner their actual emotions. Becker and Eagly compose: Womens hazard taking 㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ is accepted to infer in any event to a limited extent from their customary family job as fundamental nurturer (Becker and Eagly). The creators are certain that in any case, it is conceivable that womens mental responses to push prime their supportive demonstrations. In addition, huge numbers of womens gallant activities are covered up. In any case, we overlooked another significant inquiry: What makes a legend? Franco and Zimbardo persuaded thatâ actually, the primary answer of numerous individuals who are called saints is to abandon their innovation. They state: I simply did what I needed to do or I am not a legend! Anybody similarly situated would have done what I did (Franco and Zimbardo). Unexpected life and demise circumstances are particular instances of circumstances that energize individuals into brave act. The agents were persuaded that these positions make a brilliant line moral investigation that drives a few people to act trying to stop the shrewdness. N umerous individuals in like manner positions recognize the moral issues associated with the circumstance and are profoundly vexed, yet choose to disregard it. Franco and Zimbardo accept that a noteworthy factor that may cheer brave act is the impetus of chivalrous sort of creative mind. It is the ability to envision confronting hazardous circumstances, to battle the theoretical issues these circumstances cause, and to think about ones activities and the outcomes. By this, the individual turns out to be progressively arranged to act if a second that calls for bravery comes. Seeing oneself equipped for chivalry might be the initial move towards a courageous consequence. There are a few stages we can take to support the gallant sort of creative mind. We can begin by staying mindful; basically assessing every circumstance we meet with the goal that we don't overlook a crisis requesting our activity. We should withstand the drive to improve inaction and to create exonerations that reca st detestable acts.â Also we should attempt to surpass envisioning negative outcome associated with certain types of bravery, being socially excluded for instance. We should believe that others will recognize the estimation of our brave feats. We should attempt to build up a limit of things that don't fit, or don't bode well in a current circumstance. This implies we should pose inquiries to get the best possible data for us to take action. Besides, it is significant not to fear struggle, and to build up the individual fearlessness important to stand firm for standards we esteem. In reality, we ought not consider hard clashes but instead as endeavors to drive the others to help their own belief system and principles. We ought to be occupied with the current situation, to envision elective future situations. Be that as it may, outside of these key focuses, our general public needs to empower brave creative mind in the entirety of its residents, particularly in youthful ones. The antiquated Greeks and Anglo Saxon clans loved their sonnet saints in Beowulf and Iliad. These accounts are outdated, yet their portrayals of the saint despite everything make sense. In these stories, the hero regularly meets a supernatural figure who endeavors to entice the legend away from his track. We should likewise evade the allurement of fiendishness in our life, and we should perceive that maybe the enticement will be very standard: for instance, an untrustworthy companion, neighbor or colleague. By passing a progression of littler assessments of our endurance, we can refine an individual propensity for heroism. Very regularly epic sonnets tell about the legend visiting the black market. This figurative confronting passing portrays amazing quality an acknowledgment of mortality. Arthur Margon in his wo rk Urbanization in fiction. Changing models of courage in well known American books 1880-1920 composes that in a wide line of famous writing works composed between the finish of Reconstruction and The First World War, conspicuous American authors portrayed the decrease of regular gallantry in a urbanized socie

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Education

What is the reason for training? What do we look for from it? How can it better our lives? What is the job of government funded schools? These are immensely significant inquiries, yet first I am going to give a concise outline of the content by Timothy McMannon entitled The Public Purpose of Education and Schooling. McMannon gives the peruser a lot of purposes behind why we need training and how it encourages us and our general public; he begins by clarifying that in past societies tutoring was not done in a proper school yet in â€Å"the network, the family, and the church.† (McMannon 1) Some societies even accepted that instruction was something that took a lifetime. The exposition at that point advances into clarifying how training has developed during that time into what it is today and why it has become what it is. Everybody has their own interpretation of what they accept training is and ought to be. Your folks could consider it daily consideration office until you get to secondary school and afterward they may consider it a spot to gain a degree and before long move out. Your grandparents may consider it a spot where you go to learn things that you aren’t going to require in life since they never did. Political pioneers may consider it a prudent favorable position over another nation. The rundown goes on, yet as an understudy, I accept that there are numerous motivations behind training; it is more than a certain something, however numerous things that join into what instruction truly is. One job of government funded schools is to advance the standards and guidelines of our general public, which have been everything except overlooked. Today we expect that school is where we go to learn history and science, however it is substantially more than that. Tutoring trains us what our pioneers are too occupied to even consider explaining. McMannon clarified in his exposition how we ... ..., for what reason would you proceed with it? To some degree, â€Å"education must be practical.† (McMannon 8) Without common sense, there would be no reason for accepting an instruction. Works Cited Fulghum, Robert. All I Really Needed to Know I Learned in Kindergarten. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986. Hudson, William E. what's more, Robert H. Trudeau. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning. An Essay on the Institionalization of Service-Learning: The Genesis of the Feinstein Institute for Public Service 2.1 (1995): 150-158. McMannon, Timothy. The Changing Purposes of Education and Schooling. McMannon, Timothy and John Goodlad. The Public Purpose of Education and Schooling. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997. Nussbaum, Martha. Developing Imaginations: Literature and the Arts. Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Peter Rodriguez, UVAs Darden School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Peter Rodriguez, UVAs Darden School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a school, but the educational experience at the business school is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Peter Rodriguez from the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. Peter Rodriguez (“Global Economies and Markets”) has three areas of expertise: international trade and development, international business and corruption and ethnic entrepreneurship. He has used his PhD in economics to study investingâ€"coediting the book Angel Investing in Latin Americaâ€"and is the associate dean for international affairs as well as the director of the Tayloe Murphy International Center at Darden. In 2008, Rodriguez received an award for outstanding teaching at Darden, and in 2007, he won the school’s John Colley Award, which recognizes those who perpetuate Darden’s tradition of close interactions between professors and students. He has written seven cases for Darden on topics ranging from the recent economic difficulties in the United States to financial challenges emerging in Vietnam to the effects of corruption and the economic impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Because of his personal interest in business developments in Latin America and Africa, Ro driguez has both planned and participated in global business experiences (wherein students travel to foreign countries to explore the culture and business environment there firsthand for one to two weeks) to countries in those areas. Students with whom we spoke view Rodriguez, whom some refer to as “P-Rod,” as a very caring professor who pays special attention to each student, asking after their families and remembering their concerns. One second-year student identified Rodriguez as “one of the most loved professors [at Darden].” An alumnus with whom we spoke described Rodriguez as “very funny, very articulate, not dry,” but added that “he asks tough questions.” This graduate also noted that Rodriguez is very patient with students, helping each to probe deeply for answers, and thereby guiding them to deeper insights. “He fills the room with kinetic energy when he walks in,” said an alumna we interviewed. “He understands who gets it and who doesn’t.” For more information about Darden and 13 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Virginia (Darden)

Writing News Steven Rinella and the Parallels between Writing and Hunting

Steven Rinella is an interesting example of a person who used his passion for one pastime as fuel to nurture his career, and a profitable career at that. Having been born into a family that was ever close to nature, he spends most of his life doing what he is best at: hunting. For a decade he even tried to make his living this way, until it became completely clear that fur market had collapsed to the point when it was no longer possible to provide for a decent living. Ironically, the impossibility to pursue the desired career led him to a far more profitable vocation which, at the same time, allowed him not only to continue leading the so much loved lifestyle, but to popularize and advocate it as well. He became a fairly well-known writer and television personality telling his readers and viewers, accustomed to the modern world, about the things that for many people remained in the ages past: hunting, being united with nature and so on. In his representation hunters are not what they are often perceived by modern media. It may be news for some people who are used to getting information from television, but not all hunters are bloodthirsty hicks who massacre innocent animals with their assault rifles. They can just as easily be perceived as the precious few people who manage to be united with nature in our hectic age, and probably understand and love nature much more than the self-proclaimed animal rights activists. In addition to that, Steven Rinella considers that his hunting lifestyle has been a major contribution to his later success not only because it provided him with unique knowledge and materials to base his fiction on, but also because it allowed him to acquire skills and abilities which proved to be indispensable for his writing career. For example, patience verging on being superhuman – when you often have to wait for hours to even have a chance of encountering your game and know that success may not come today, this week or even this month, you are more than ready to wait for a long time before your writing brings any particular results. Or curiosity – in the sense that any news leave you curious and hungry for more, for seeing new horizons, for acquiring new experiences, for doing new things. There is hardly anything deadlier for a writer than to be stuck in his ways – and the life spent as a hunter effectively prevents him from ever becoming rigid in his ways. In a way, Rinella thinks, the crafts of writers and hunters are not all that different, no matter how unusual this statement may sound.

Cuba Essay - 796 Words

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2010), the population of Miami- Dade County, Florida is 2,496,435.In 2010 the total number of Hispanic or Latino residing in Miami-Dade County is 1,623,859, which makes 65 percent of the total population (U.S. Census Bureau 2010). Cubans’ makes up for 34 percent of the total population, totaled to 856,007 (U.S. Census Bureau 2010). Miami is a majority Latino city -- 70 percent of its population is Hispanic. And while Cuban-Americans still comprise over half of the citys population -- 54 percent -- the citys Hispanic composition is changing. History The origin of Cuba started, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the island in 1492. In 1511 Cuba was colonized by the Spanish. Before the Spanish, the†¦show more content†¦Deplorable conditions in the islands sugar plantations caused many slave rebellions in this period of Cuba history. In 1868, Cuban landowners also began to resist the status quo, launching the first Cuban War of Independence. Many great Cuban national heroes rose to prominence during this period of Cuba history: Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, Maximo Gomez, Antonio Maceo, and Jose Marti. Memorials to these figures from history on Cuba are commonplace. The Ten Years War against Spain ended in 1878 with the Pact of Zanjon, which granted concessions to the Cuban rebels. Nevertheless, Marti and other revolutionaries continued their resistance to the Spanish authorities, some of them from exile in the United States. In April 1895, Maceo, Marti, and Gomez landed in Cuba to begin the second War of Independence. In 1898, with the rebels largely in control of the island, the United States used the explosion of the USS Maine in the Havana harbor to begin hostilities against Spain, starting the Spanish-American War. In December 1898, Spain ceded control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba to the United States. The next sixty years of history on Cuba featured a strong U.S. presence. The U.S. Navy established the base at Guantanamo Bay, American tourists flocked to the casinos, hotels, and brothels of Havana, and U.S. interference in internal Cuban politics was the norm. In the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an unpopular military dictatorship led by FulgencioShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cuba1685 Words   |  7 PagesCuba In the past fifty years we have witnessed the end of the cold war, the end of communism in a vast majority of nations as well as the rise of the United States to being the sole world power. But while the world has greatly changed over the past half-a-century, there has been little change in the Cuban-American relationship. Since the rise of Fidel Castro to power in the early nineteen fifties, the United States has all but cut off all relations with the Cuban government. It has now beenRead MoreEssay on Cuba580 Words   |  3 Pages Cuba Cuba has been under a dictator named Fidel Castro since 1959 when his army took over the communist party that was running the country. Cuba’s main source of economic growth comes from agriculture and exports to and from Europe. Since America has had an embargo on Cuba since 1962 neither countries trade with each other because of many disagreements about governing techniques and Fidels unwillingness to comply with U.S. instructions. Cuba’s long history and culture has contributed toRead More Cuba and Tourism Essay3446 Words   |  14 PagesCuba and Tourism Ernest Hemingway was no tourist, but his attraction to Cuba was much like that of the rest of America. The beautiful beaches and tropical climate helped him write novels, but he also loved the daiquiris at the Floridita, the fishing, and the adventurous bootleggers from Florida. Cuba has its beautiful beaches and fish-filled waters, but part of the attraction as well has historically been the plentiful rum and the anything goes atmosphere. The casinos and nightclubs frequentedRead MoreSpanish Essay - Cuba647 Words   |  3 PagesCuba Cuba is an island nation that was adopted in 1902. One third of it consists of mountains and rolling hills. It lies in the West Indies, and is said to be a beautiful island. Havana is Cuba’s capital, and the center of government for Cuba. Some important cities are Santiago de Cuba and Camagà ¼ey. Santiago de Cuba is near the south-eastern area of Cuba, and has a population of about half a million people. It’s considered the second most important city in Cuba, probably because it’s an importantRead MoreEssay on Cuba: Then and Now2279 Words   |  10 PagesCuba: Then and Now In the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain relinquished all sovereignty over Cuba. For a time, the policy of the United States toward Cuba was somewhat ambivalent. The Teller Amendment at the beginning of the Spanish-American War had pledged the restoration of Cuba to the Cubans. However, at the same time the United States was determined that it would not be placed after the war with Spain in a worse position in regard to its vital interests in Cuba than it had been when CubaRead More Free Cuba Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesFree Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong willRead More The Effect of Slavery on the Identity of Cuba Essay2124 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effect of Slavery on the Identity of Cuba The Caribbean is a diverse region with a unique history. The progress and advancement of each island complied with the European country in control of it at the time. The Caribbean was conquered and colonized soon after Columbus’ discovery in 1492. A similar aspect of the heterogeneous region has been its plantations. The plantations were an important aspect of the cultural history of the Caribbean. Mintz believed that the plantations tied the coloniesRead More Geography of Cuba Essay605 Words   |  3 PagesGeography of Cuba The geography of Cuba is very diverse, with large mountain ranges spanning the western and south central regions, and a beautiful 2,320 mile coastline that boasts white, sandy beaches to the north. The semitropical climate of Cuba supports lush, agricultural fields in which many species of plants and animals thrive. The main island of Cuba is about 40,543 sq. miles, and Cubas Isla de laRead MoreCuba: A Profile Essay example1092 Words   |  5 PagesKnown for its beauty, extravagant tourist’s attractions, and quality cigars, the Caribbean island of Cuba, a totalitarian communist state, is a multiracial society with a population of mainly Spanish and African origin. The nation is officially known as the Republic of Cuba; it consists of the Island of Cuba, the Isle of Youth and some adjacent small islands. Cuba lies just ninety miles south of Key West, Florida; therefore its climate is subtropical or temperate. The average minimum temperatureRead MoreCuba Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesnormalization with Cuba in order to make up for its economic loss. As US has been putting economic sanctions on Cuba including bank restrictions, export restriction and tourism for approximately sixty years (Harrell 2016, pp. 6-7), the development of Cuba is entirely limited. However, US also suffers from not only a loss of the trade gain but also a loss of commercial reputation which makes it unreliable in the world, said by US International Trade Commission (2011). Therefore, Cuba is essential to

The Purposes of Sentencing Essay examples - 988 Words

The main purpose of the sentencing is to protect the public and to ensure that justice is done. The purpose of sentencing for those 18 and over is defined by section 142 (1) Criminal Justice Act 2003 Any court dealing with an offender in respect of his offense must have regard to the following purposes of sentencing retribution, denunciation, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation and reparation which will all be discussed in this essay. One of the oldest justifications for punishment involves the principles of retribution. Retribution (1900-1905) refers to an idea that offenders should be punished for committing a crime, but would not punish someone who was forced to commit a cri-me, i.e. duress. It can be sometimes be viewed as a†¦show more content†¦[http://crime.about.com/od/death/a/mitigating.htm] Another aim of sentencing is a Deterrence. The courts mainly try to deter two types of offences, such are mobile phone theft and drug/alcohol related offences e.g. burglary. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 has introduced minimum sentences to stop people from re-offending. e.g. if offenders commit two offences, they will automatically be sentenced to life imprisonment. The city centres are using a CCTVs to deter people from offending crimes such as violence, criminal damage and shop lifting. The main goal of this aim is to deter an offender from committing a future crime by fear of the punishment. There are two different types of deterrence; individual and general deterrence. The individual deterrence is trying to deter an individual offender, those they have already committed crime from re-offending in the future, by a prison sentence, a suspended sentence or a heavy fine. This is usually a harsh sentence for not serious offenses e.g In the case of R v Whitton (1985), where a football hooligan was sentenced to life imprisonment. This should stop other hooligans from re-offend.or in the case R v Hussain (Mohammed) [2005] CA a deterrent sentence was set up in relationShow MoreRelatedEssay on Criminal Sentencing Purpose1300 Words   |  6 Pages Criminal Sentencing purpose There was once a Television show name â€Å"Berretta† and the show theme song said do not do crime if you cannot do the time. That is a true saying, one that should be on every criminal mind why they are committing a crime. Sentencing a criminal for crimes for which they have been convicted of is their due punishment according to the severity of the crime committed. The Courts have for centuries punished criminals accordingRead MoreThe Three-Strike Law: The Purpose of Sentencing1473 Words   |  6 Pages To ensure that this dual purpose is duly met, the law includes elements like the three strikes law in order to ensure the safety of law-abiding citizens and also to ensure that criminals understand the seriousness of their actions before committing them. According to the Portland State University (2012), the three strikes law means that a person convicted of three or more serious crimes can receive a life sentence, usually with the possibility of parole. The purpose of this law is to increaseRead MoreDiscuss Factors That Affect Sentencing Decisions, Including the Purposes of Punishment and the Role of Victims.783 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW), and the judicial guidelines that set precedent for all judges and magistrates in the state. Within this legislation are the purposes for which a sentence may be imposed, types of penalties, minimum/maximum sentences and mandatory sentences. The purposes of sentencing are set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedures) Act 1999 (NSW) and fundamentally include deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and incapacitation as the purposes by which a judgeRead MoreThe Sentencing Reform Act Of 19841526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sentencing Reform Act is associated with the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, were the U.S. federal statute increased the consistency in the United States federal sentencing. The Sentencing Reform Act created the United States Sentencing Commission. This act allowed the independent commission into the judicial branch of the United States Sentencing Commission. It consists of seven voting members and one nonvoting member. For the sake of the United States Sentencing Commission, thereRead MoreThe ‘just desserts’ theory of sentencing is a form of Retributivism, which is a late eighteenth-600 Words   |  3 PagesThe ‘just desserts’ theory of sentencing is a form of Retribut ivism, which is a late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century theory of punishment based on lex talionis or the law of vengeance, derived from the works of a German theorist Immanuel Kant. Retributivism contends that when an individual commits a crime, his punishment should be the equivalent of the crime committed. Kant argued that humans are free and rational agents who recognise that any wrong committed would have to be met with aRead MoreSentencing Theories And Theories Of Theories1464 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1 Sentencing theories what justify handing down a punishment for committing a crime or wrongdoing. Punishments infliction harm on the offender and therefore this needs to be justified. There are three main categories of sentencing theories, utilitarian theories, retributive theories and hybrid theories. Utilitarian theories follow the idea that the most ethical way to punish is the one which has the most benefit at the least cost. Retributive theories are concerned with the offender gettingRead MoreSentencing Paper1264 Words   |  6 PagesSentencing Paper Tushar Vincent Botlero 12 March 2012 CJ/A-234 Melissa Andrewjeski Sentencing Paper   Punishment has been a subject of deliberate among philosophers, political leaders,  and lawyers  for centuries. Various theories of punishment have been developed, each of which attempts to justify the practice in some form and to state its proper objectives. The quantity and severity of punishments were reduced, the prison system have been improved. According to the MontgomeryRead MoreThe Effects Of Mandatory Sentencing On The United States Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of imprisonment for social control. These policy changes were enacted in order to achieve greater consistency, certainty, and severity and include sentencing laws such as determinate sentencing, truth-in-sentencing, mandatory minimum sentencing, and three strikes laws (National Research Council 2014). Furthermore, I argue that mandatory sentencing has had the most significant effect on the incarceration rate. The political turmoil and changing social climate of the 1960s contributed to the policiesRead MoreQuestions On Indeterminate And Determinate Sentences Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesIndeterminate and Determinate Sentences For our first lesson in Critical Thinking I am choosing to explore Option # 2: Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing. When one discusses the differences between determinate and indeterminate sentencing the section in our textbook, titled Evaluating Sentencing Schemes, on page 56 comes into play. These are: 1. Proportionality. A sentence should fit the crime. 2. Individualism. A sentence should reflect the offender’s criminal history and the threat posedRead MoreSection 3a Of The Crimes ( Sentencing Procedure ) Act 19991572 Words   |  7 PagesSection 3A of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 outlines the official purposes of sentencing: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1999278/s3a.html These ‘purposes’ are often said to be in conflict. Analyse these stated purposes in light of the broader philosophies of punishment in order to explain the tensions that are inherent in the business of punishing. Your essay should present an informed argument on which purposes and/or alternative understandings of justice should

Moving Toward A Dynamic Temporal Framework â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Moving Toward A Dynamic Temporal Framework? Answer: Introduction Exploring the literature review of a chosen subject is the integral part of a particular research project. In this study, the study would discuss the effectiveness of teams and groups within an organisation. It is notable that the working in teams or groups is essential to generate new ideas and improve the organisational cohesiveness. The obtained ideas from the theoretical background developed in this literature section would present the insightful knowledge about the subject matter. Based on the identified conceptual ideas, the further section of the study would present the evaluation of the personality judgment. The identification of the weakness would be address in the personal development plan. Concept of Team According to Britton (2015), teamwork depicts the idea of working together towards a common vision or organisational goals. The team development directs the individuals to accomplish the business objectives. The effective team building allows the common people to attain the fruitful and uncommon results. On the other hand, De Jong, Dirks and Gillespie (2016) defined that the effective teamwork is formulated when the team members work collaboratively to execute a set of activities. They can easily interact with others face-to-face and much frequently (Meslec Cur?eu, 2015). The contribution of the individual member from different cultural background brings the innovative business ideas. The cohesiveness maintained in the team activities is quite appreciating to accomplish the determined goals (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). The self-managed teams are always adaptive towards changes, willing to take more responsibilities, and focused on exploring the innovative procedures. The individuals ass ociated within a group understand the assignments and have the clear values and goals. They have the open communication skills and they operate within the basic climate of trust. Types of Teams The recent research on the team development process identifies the various classifications of the teams into some of the categories. Daspit et al., (2013) opined that teams are categorized depending on the functional differences. Some of these specific categories are: Virtual teams Work teams group Task forces Project Teams Committees and Cross-functional teams High performance teams In previous times, the teamwork was operated in a face-to-face environment, regular meetings, and postponing interventions (Ruch et al., 2016). However, it is notable that due to the emergence of the globalization and global competition level, the companies have improved the business techniques and operational methods. It has created an environment where the teams are scattered logistically and they have been operating in the same time zones. The virtual teams thus can communicate with each other through virtual network (Colbert, Barrick Bradley, 2014). The development of the information technologies has also transformed the organisational functionalities. The high performance team is associated with the individuals who have been performing well and contributing to the profitable parameter of the organisation. Hence, the categorization of the team is necessary for the organisational development process. Theories of Team Role The extensive research based on the team development process is providing the knowledge about the theoretical concept. This section of the study would discuss the theory-based analysis of the organisational teams performing the different roles. The theoretical analysis is presented below: Belbins Team Role Analysis In developing the conceptual knowledge about the team role within an organisation, Belbins team role theory is much helpful. He has conducted the extensive research on the team performance process (Mathieu et al., 2014). Finally, he has identified that nine specific roles are necessary to build up to form a complete group. The absence of any of these roles would not formulate the group activity. In analyzing the team role model, it is necessary to establish the tendency to contribute, behave, and interrelate with others in a significant way (Beer Vazire, 2017). The theory enables the development of the self-knowledge by communicating and coordinating with each other. The synopsis of Belbins role is divided into three clusters, such as action oriented, people oriented and cerebral roles. The implementer, shaper, and completer-finisher belong to the group of action-oriented team. On the other hand, the team worker, coordinator, and resource investigators belong to the people-oriented group. Finally, the plant, specialist, and monitor evaluator are included to the cerebral roles. Plant is the group of people who are much imaginative, creative, and unorthodox. They usually take the active participation on resolving the difficult problems. They even communicate with others with much efficiency. On the other hand, the mature, confident, and good chairperson is the group of people who always take part in the active decision making process. The implementers are the reliable, disciplined and much efficient to clarify goals and objectives. The monitor evaluators are the ones who undertake the strategic decision accurately. The complete-finishers are often reluctant to delegate and they search for the omissions and errors (McAbee Connelly, 2016). Therefore, it is notable that the contribution of the people with different skills is beneficial enough in developing the team cohesiveness. It is notable that due to the emergence of the globalization and global competition level, the companies have improved the business techniques and operational methods. It has created a n environment where the teams are scattered logistically and they have been operating in the same time zones. Accordingly, the mismanagement of the team can lead towards failure to achieve the organisational goals. Summary The literature study provides the theoretical ideas about the team and group development. It is noticeable that the employee efficiency helps in accomplishing the organisational goals and objectives. The development of the theoretical ideas in this literature section determines that the team development or group cohesiveness is essential for managing the complex organisational functionalities. Based on these ideas, the further section of the study would discuss the development of personality tests. The obtained ideas from these tests would be helpful enough in structuring the personal development plan further in this study. Competency Skill Judgment through Johari Window The results derived from the Johari Window test provide the clear diagnostic report regarding my personality traits. I have observed that I have few traits that are known to others and me as well. For example, I am quite adaptive, trustworthy, and sensible. I am much cheerful, happy, and confident that are known to self but not to others. The other people know my characteristic as a very helpful, intelligent, and caring, which is a blind sport to me. Apart from these characteristic, some of the unknown traits are also visible in me. For instance, I can establish a good bonding with my associates for which they can feel comfortable and share their concerns with me. These traits are quite necessary in gathering the adequate ideas about the conflicting scenario and resolving the issues immediately. The extroverted behaviour has helped me in establishing the clear communication with the associated staffs. On the other hand, I pay attention towards others emotional state of mind. Hence, I can recognize their standpoint before I presume any scenario or undertake any decision. However, it is important for me to concentrate on the professionalism a. my weak-point is I easily trust people that may create the negative results. I need to concentrate on others intentions and judge the scenario well before undertake any particular decision. Competency Skill Judgment through Thomas Khilmans Conflict Questionnaire The analysis of the competency skills through Thomas Khilmans Conflict Questionnaire describes that I have five most distinct traits. First is competing, which ensures my confidence and determination towards fulfilling any activity. I take the active participation in the challenging situations. Second is avoiding, which determines that I may ignore some of the situations that are not worth discussing during any conflict resolution process. I believe that avoiding these situations would develop the better consequences. Third is accommodating, which specifies that I am quite giving and sacrificing. If any of the consequences would demand giving up on my priority agenda, I would prefer to do so. I am adjustable according to the situation. Fourth is collaborating that ensures my ability to communicate with others and work together. I can collaborate with other associate to make any relevant decision. Fifth is compromising, which determines that I can compromise if the situation seek for any determined decision. In this case, I have recognized my weakness in being less analytical. I need to understand the situation and the after consequences before I make any compromise. It is necessary for me to make the wise decision before sacrificing at the crucial scenario. Analysis of Big 5 Test The Big 5 Test is another diagnostic tool for identifying the competency skills. After the test, I have gathered knowledge about some of the specific traits of mine. The openness determines the tendency of a person to think beyond the situation to deal with the complex scenario. I have scored 73% in openness that is strongly inclined towards the cultural values and interests of others. This midrange score ensures that I am neither conservative nor very imaginative. I score 78% in conscientious that determine the possibility of being successive in the career. I have the high level of self-control that helps me in resisting impulses. I scored 68% in extraverted that ensure that I am highly motivated to thrills or experience. The score in agreeableness is 78%, which is quite high and develops the idea about tendency of forgiving and maintaining the good relationships. I scored 38% in neuroticism that is much moderate. It depicts that I response quite intensely towards the negative emoti ons. I act like the other average people who are responsive towards their emotions, be it sad or happy. In these cases, I have observed that I am a person who is easily driven by the emotional consequences. I need to strengthen the emotional state of mind while undertaking any fruitful business decision. Moreover, I need to be much considerable towards my priorities. The above results recognize the two major areas that I need to improve. First, I trust people much easily that may develop the negative situation. In literature review, it is discussed that building trust among the team members is essential. However, it is even necessary to judge the scenario accordingly. Second is taking control of my emotional state of mind while making decision. As per the literature review study, the self-control is essential for making any important decision. The next section of the study would develop the personal development plan for improving these areas of concerns in my personality. Action Plan The above result determines that my weak-point is I easily trust people that may create the negative results. Moreover, I lack conscience and driven away by emotional state of mind. Hence, I need to work on these areas to make improvements. The action plan is structured below: I shall remain in command of self-choice to deal with any conflicting scenario. It is necessary to me to pay attention towards the conscience communication. It is essential for me to remain aware and careful towards the major triggers. The valid emotions are needed to be accepted It is important for me to acknowledge my anger and maintain the emotional balance. It is essential for me to follow through the action for expressing the feelings. Judgment should be based on the proper scenario analysis. Following these consequences and actions would develop a clear understanding between right and wrong. Hence, it is necessary for me to develop my personality accordingly. The maintenance of these personality tests would be helpful for me to build an efficient teamwork. The cohesiveness maintained in the team activities is quite appreciating to accomplish the determined goals. The self-managed teams are always adaptive towards changes, willing to take more responsibilities, and focused on exploring the innovative procedures. Therefore, I shall be able to maintain the proper coordination and yet much aware of the consequences before undertaking any relevant decision. References Batenburg, R., van Walbeek, W., in der Maur, W. (2013). Belbin role diversity and team performance: is there a relationship?.Journal of Management Development,32(8), 901-913. Beer, A., Vazire, S. (2017). Evaluating the predictive validity of personality trait judgments using a naturalistic behavioral criterion: A preliminary test of the self-other knowledge asymmetry model.Journal of Research in Personality,70, 107-121. Britton, J. J. (2015). Expanding the coaching conversation: Group and team coaching.Industrial and Commercial Training,47(3), 116-120. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), 351-387. Daspit, J., Justice Tillman, C., Boyd, N. G., Mckee, V. (2013). Cross-functional team effectiveness: An examination of internal team environment, shared leadership, and cohesion influences.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,19(1/2), 34-56. De Jong, B. A., Dirks, K. T., Gillespie, N. (2016). Trust and team performance: A meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(8), 1134. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Beck, S. J., Kauffeld, S. (2016). Emergent team roles in organizational meetings: identifying communication patterns via cluster analysis.Communication Studies,67(1), 37-57. Manning, T., Manning, T., Robertson, B., Robertson, B. (2016). A three factor model of followership, part 2: research on the three factor model and its application to team roles.Industrial and Commercial Training,48(7), 354-361. Mathieu, J. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Donsbach, J. S., Alliger, G. M. (2014). A review and integration of team composition models: Moving toward a dynamic and temporal framework.Journal of Management,40(1), 130-160. Mathieu, J. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kukenberger, M. R., Donsbach, J. S., Alliger, G. M. (2015). Team role experience and orientation: A measure and tests of construct validity.Group Organization Management,40(1), 6-34. McAbee, S. T., Connelly, B. S. (2016). A multi-rater framework for studying personality: The trait-reputation-identity model. Meslec, N., Cur?eu, P. L. (2015). Are balanced groups better? Belbin roles in collaborative learning groups.Learning and Individual Differences,39, 81-88. Oke, A. E., Olatunji, S. O., Awodele, A. O., Akinola, J. A., Kuma-Agbenyo, M. (2016). Importance of team roles composition to success of construction projects.International Journal of Construction Project Management,8(2), 141. Omar, M., Hasan, B., Ahmad, M., Yasin, A., Baharom, F., Mohd, H., Darus, N. M. (2016). Applying Fuzzy Technique in Software Team Formation Based on Belbin Team Role.Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC),8(8), 109-113. Ruch, W., Gander, F., Platt, T., Hofmann, J. (2016). Team roles: Their relationships to character strengths and job satisfaction.The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-10.

5 Types of Specialized Dictionaries

5 Types of Specialized Dictionaries 5 Types of Specialized Dictionaries 5 Types of Specialized Dictionaries By Mark Nichol Dictionaries aren’t just for looking up spellings and meanings of a broad selection of terms; you’ll find biographical, geographical, and medical dictionaries, among other specialized volumes. Here are five other categories of repositories of words, with a link to one online example of each. 1. Reverse Dictionaries A reverse dictionary enables you to type in a phrase that describes a word or phrase you’re trying to think of. The matching technology is imperfect, of course, but a reverse dictionary is your best chance for coming up with that elusive term. Try this reverse dictionary at the dictionary portal OneLook.com, or, if you prefer a print resource, check out the Illustrated Reverse Dictionary, by John Ellison Kahn. 2. Visual Dictionaries Visual dictionaries like this one provide visitors with illustrations of animate and inanimate things labeled with parts and components. Merriam-Webster’s publishes a print visual dictionary, but many others are available, including multilingual ones and those produced especially for children. 3. Beginners’/Learners’ Dictionaries The Cambridge University Press has, among its family of online dictionaries, one with simplified definitions; for American English specifically, Merriam-Webster offers Word Central, an online children’s dictionary that is helpful for learners of all ages without being juvenile in presentation. For a print version, use a dictionary for young students (like the Scholastic Children’s Dictionary) though the child-oriented design of these books may put off older learners or one for English-language learners. 4. Translation Dictionaries Online dictionaries that enable visitors to type in a word and receive its equivalent in another language (or obtain an English word by entering a foreign one) abound; many websites, such as Dictionary.com’s Translator site, include search engines for multiple languages. Of course, print translation dictionaries are also easy to find on the Internet and in bookstores. (Recently published ones available at used-book stores are a good bargain.) 5. Unusual-Words Dictionaries Numerous Web-savvy language aficionados have created online repositories of seldom-used and/or offbeat words; go, for example, to the Phrontistery. You’ll also find many similar print compendiums, such as The Word Lovers’ Dictionary: Unusual, Obscure, and Preposterous Words, by Josefa Heifetz. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Best Websites to Learn EnglishPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

Why PrepScholar is Great for Busy Students

Why PrepScholar is Great for Busy Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a busy student with no extra time for SAT prep, but know it’s important for your college apps? Check out PrepScholar’s unique program that automatically gives you the lessons and practice you need based on your performance. Lots of teenagers come home from school and spend the hours until dinner watching TV, YouTube videos, or on Facebook. Other students have already learned how much that time can be used for, and how important it is to use all their time to build an impressive rà ©sumà © for college. Still others are busy because of time limitations over which they have no control, like babysitting siblings or long bus rides every day. All of the busy students described here can take advantage of PrepScholar to fit efficient, flexible and interactive prep into their schedules. PrepScholar is Efficient Classroom courses and test prep books are organized by question typethe Student-Produced-Response Math questions, for instance, or the Improving Sentences Writing questions. But this doesn’t really get at the point of the test, because the skills being testedthe information you need to answer correctly every timearen’t related to the question type. Sure, there are skills that are tested more often in a certain question type, but that’s the entire extent of the relationship. Skill-Based Learning Our teaching system maximizes learning effectiveness by customizing your lessons by skill. If you’re great at functions but weak in solid geometry, we’re not going to make you do many functions questions so you can use that time to improve your understanding of the fundamentals of geometric formulas and relationships. It seems simple, but we’re the only company that breaks it down this way and personalizes the program to meet your individual needs. Student-Specific Levels In addition to tailoring the lessons to the skills you most need to improve, PrepScholar also adjusts to your increasing ability: there are 3 levels for each skill, and you are placed in one initially by our diagnostic test. If you place into the Mastery level of a particular skill, the only time you’ll be working on that skill is during the Practice Test (which is helpful in terms of understanding that skill’s frequency and presentation). Pinpoint Focus Students have different ways of understanding things, and so besides saving time, it’s actually important to your learning that you don’t waste time â€Å"learning† things you already knowit can be easy to get confused about a subject you thought you understood perfectly. Similarly, for skills in which your understanding has gaps, you train your mind through focused problems that let you zero in on the knowledge you’re missingand then get it! Skills by Priority One of the most unique aspects of PrepScholar is our understanding of tests’ inner workings: some skills are considered more important and thus are tested more frequently. Mastering these skills is key to the bulk of your score, and our program reflects this in the time spent learning and practicing each skill. The Best Choice Busy students know that unnecessary work can waste lots of time. PrepScholar avoids this entirely, in a way that other kinds of prep can’t. If you read a book, you have to skim every chapter to determine which you need to study. With practice tests, you spend literally hours doing problems you could do in your sleep, and in classroom courses you’re at the mercy of a random teacher and a group of random students’ questions. PrepScholar is a step above all that. PrepScholar Is Flexible The internet has changed the way most of us do many thingsshopping, reading, communicating with friends. But education has so far lagged behind commerce and social media, partially from an entrenched belief that physical teacher presence is an important part of the learning experience. But everyone is starting to believe that quality, creative education can and does happen through the internetand PrepScholar is one of the companies that uses that fact to benefit students. 24/7 One of the things people love about internet shopping is that it’s always available, even at times when every store in town is closed. PrepScholar has the same huge advantagepractice whenever you want, wherever you have internet access. There are no time or space restrictions on your learning. Like to study outside? Take your laptop. Like to study in the basement? Take your tablet. It’s as simple as that. A Full Year to Prep If you’re one of those busy students who knows he or she has to start projects early in order to get them done, PrepScholar is perfect for you. Most prep courses are designed to lead up to one test date, usually spread out over a couple of months. PrepScholar puts you in the driver’s seatstudy for as long as you like, until your Practice Test scores have reached your goal, and take the next test date available. It’s never too early to start prepping. Scheduling We know it can be hard to fit â€Å"optional† test prep into a slew of â€Å"mandatory† meetings, family events, extracurriculars and other appointments. Our program encourages you to set aside 5-10 hours a week for test prep and spend that time on the site doing lessons and Practice Quizzes. The program tracks the time you spend so you don’t have to. Our program is also set up to remind you when you’re not meeting your goals, and of the long-term benefit of sticking to your schedule. Interactivity: Retention Many studies have shown that interactivity enhances retention of material. When you retain more material per lesson, you get more benefit per lesson, saving you precious time and effort. Most online prep offers little in the way of interactivity; at PrepScholar, we know that doing problems yourself and questioning the lesson is essential to a complete learning experience. In addition to interactive lessons, PrepScholar students can ask questions about any of the quizzes on the site and get prompt, top quality instructor responses. Interactivity: Feedback We also offer interactivity in the form of extremely detailed feedback. Not only do you get precise information about your progress in various skills, but you also get feedback about time you’re spending on study and how your score is improving. All of this adds up to an engaging experience that makes test prep as fun as it can be. Want to know more about how to fit SAT prep into your busy schedule? Try our advice on how to early prepare.

The Term Quality of Goods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Term Quality of Goods - Case Study Example The major implied terms in contracts of sale are that goods must be in conformity with their description; appropriate for the purpose made known to the seller; should be of satisfactory quality, and the seller should have the right to sell these goods. Under section 13 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, goods that have not been correctly described can be rejected only in the event of the buyer relying on such description. In contracts specifying the sale of goods by description a condition that these goods have to correspond to the description is inherent by implication. In Beale v Taylor2 the buyer purchased a vehicle after inspection, which had been described by the seller. The court held that this was a sale by description. In Harlingdon & Leinster Enterprises Ltd v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd3 a transaction between two art dealers was not considered to be a sale by description as the buyer was competent to rely on his own expertise to assess the value of the painting. In goods sold to a buyer, an implied term exists, which requires that these goods should be appropriate for any purpose that has been made known to the seller.4 Applicability extends to instances where the purpose is express or implied; only when the sale is in the course of business. It does not apply if the buyer decides on his own without relying on the sellers' skill or judgment. Sometimes the goods received, though free of defects, nevertheless, do not serve the purpose for which they had been bought and the seller knew about this fact. In Slater v Finning Ltd5 it was held that if an abnormal feature had not been revealed to the seller a claim under section 14(3) of the SGA would fail.

Foreign Direct Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Assignment Example From the discussion it is clear that  countries seek FDI due to the technological benefits that boost production mechanisms in several sectors across the economy. FDIs also create adequate employment opportunities, thereby enhancing the economic growth prospects of the host country. FDIs, nonetheless, increase the quality of products within the market, hence giving the consumers a wider range of products from which they can choose.This paper stresses that FDI is responsible for stimulating the economic development of a target country. Besides, the FDI enables companies to enjoy the benefits that accrue from larger markets in the global economy. Therefore, FDI ensures that industries capitalize on their sales through international presence. While at it, FDI creates new employment opportunities, thereby increasing the income and the purchasing power of people within an economy. This leads to economic growth. As stated earlier, FDI presents a boost in the human capital resources, thro ugh sharpening the knowledge and competence of the cross-border workforce. Many companies also benefit from the tax incentives in their respective business fields. Apart for the development of knowledge, FDI enables the transfer of resources in form of technology, skills and raw materials, hence limiting the disparities between the organizational revenues and costs.  FDI can hinder the domestic investment by offering excess competition. In addition, the risk of political instability threatens to destabilize the operations of foreign investments.

Analyse And Discuss The Concept Of Structural Violence Politics Essay

Analyse And Discuss The Concept Of Structural Violence Politics Essay to what extent it explains international conflicts. Although structural violence does lead to conflict, it has had minimal effect on international conflicts. Structural violence has been a major factor in numerous internal or regional conflicts. The genocide in Rwanda and the Maoists Movement in Nepal are examples of structural violence that has led to an internal conflict. Another example is the Chinese suppression of the Tibetan peoples. Any attempts by the Tibetans to protest or challenge the rule of the Chinese in an attempt to gain independence from Chinese rule is met with swift violent retaliation. (Walsh, J. 2007) The two truly international conflicts were not started by a system of structured violence, but by deliberate planned actions of countries and their leaders to go to war. As a result of these wars systems were put in place that were structural and designed to suppress and repress social groups as well as the wholesale murder of people. Although conflicts between neig hboring countries are considered international conflicts, I have classified these as regional conflicts and used the First and Second World wars as examples of truly international conflicts. Structural violence was a term first banded around in the 1960s by liberation theologians and in particular by Johan Galtung, who used it to describe social, economic, political, legal, religious and cultural structures that stop individuals, groups and societies from reaching their full potential. (Farmer, P, 2006) Staugstad goes further when he explains that Structural violence is violence that does not hurt or kill through fists or guns or nuclear bombs, but through social structures that produce poverty, death and enormous suffering. Structural violence may be political, repressive, economic and exploitative; it occurs when the social order directly or indirectly causes human suffering and death. (Staugstad, A. 2001) These are two examples of the definition of structural violence. To better understand we need to dissect the term structural violence into its two separate parts. In this context the word structured relates to the social structures that are imposed on peoples, societ ies, religious groups and others causing them to be discriminated against and forced to live as second class human beings. These structures can take many forms but all suppress one particular group, for example a religious group, an ethnic group, or a group based on gender or sexual orientation. (Staugstad, A. 2001) The word violence when used in this context does not mean a physical form of violence but describes the imposition of rules and regulations and social structures that lead to all forms of abuse and poverty which in turn can lead to humiliation and death. Structural violence is systemic, it is not directly violent yet imposes such discriminatory rules and regulations that forces people into poverty and lives of extreme hardship, which can lead to death. Sometimes the social structures that are the root cause of structural violence can be age old traditions or rules or acts of legislation that when introduced may not have been seen as harmful by those who imposed them except to maintain control over the populace. When they were introduced those who imposed the legislation had ultimate control or power over the peoples through various means, such as slavery, bonded labor, debt, and education to name a few. (Gilman, R. 1983) Structural violence can also be viewed in two different ways, both vertical (political repression and economic exploitation) as well as horizontally (distance and alienation). The institutionalised structures of a country can enforce structural violence, by causing a gap between those that have or hold power over others and those that do not, as well as a social structure (classism) that separates the groups and creates a social distancing. This social distancing maybe because of economic separation, religious, ethnic or cultural, all of these factors create or reinforce structural violence. (Galtung, J. 1995) The vertical aspect of structural violence highlights those political policies such as segregation which lead to repressive measures designed to force a group in society to become second class citizens. Economic exploitation works hand in hand with political repression when certain social groups are barred from holding jobs of influence and status. I intend to break Structural Violence down into component parts and explain each one and how they have the potential to lead to conflict. Racism is an example of structural violence as it can be the result of discriminatory practices and entrenched legislation that place one segment of the population as a lower class citizen than the others and enforces rules and regulations on them to ensure that they stay as second class citizens. One of the most visible faces of racism was in the United States where until 1866 slavery was an accepted way of doing business for a large portion of the population. This racism was not only confined to the enslaving of Black Africans but also included discriminatory practices against the native American Indians, African Americans (slaves or decedents of) Asians, Italians and Mexicans to name a few. The 1964 Civil Rights Act made racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, restaurants and hotels, illegal. It also required employers to provide equal employment opportunities. Projects involving federal funds could now be cut off if there was evidence of discriminated based on c olor, race or national origin. This Act was the cornerstone of the bid to completely eliminate segregation and other discriminatory practices in public places. (United States Department of Justice, 1964) Although the Civil Rights movement who were advocating for a change in the law which would allow equal rights to all, was at times violent it never evolved into fully fletched internal conflict. This example shows that policies in place at the time contributed to structural violence, however as large as the problem was it never expanded to an international level of conflict, the conflict remained low level and internal. South Africa is another and more visible country to be recognised for its racist policies. Laws were introduced in 1948 which segregated inhabitants into four racial groups, white, blacks, colored and Indian Residential areas were segregated, a segregation which at times was achieved by forced removals of non whites. From 1958, Blacks were deprived of their citizenship of South Africa, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing homelands called Bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. The government also segregated education, medical care, and other public services, and provided black people with services inferior to those of whites. South Africa used harsh measures to suppress the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa with the police and the armed forces in an armed struggle with movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) as they tried to enforce and maintain white supremacy in South Africa. (Fredrickson, G. 2003) The Sou th African military were also prominent in several neighboring countries trying to fight the spread of communism in Angola, which was another example of structural violence where conflicts arose due to political ideologies. Although at times the racial tensions created by the practice of apartheid were extremely violent the, conflicts were internal or confined to small scale regional conflicts. They never developed into a wider international conflict. Although the anti-apartheid movement had a huge global following which used actions such as trade embargos to try to pressure the South African government into ending its apartheid regime. It was not until 1994 that an open election was held that allowed all South Africans to vote regardless or color, or race. The legacy of the apartheid period still influences South Africa today especially in the areas of economics and trade. (Thompson, L. 1996) Another example of structural violence that is not as visible and recognised is the caste system found in several East Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal. The caste system was described in Hinduisms ancient sacred text, the Rig Veda, as a social order intended to maintain harmony in society. It divides people into four main castes, but there also are those outside the system, the untouchables, who now call themselves Dalits, literally broken people. (George, N. 2010) Though discrimination based on caste has been outlawed since Indias constitution was adopted in 1950, the practice pervades society today. The caste system is an example of your place of birth dictating your social and economic standing. The caste system segregates a section of society from other and denies people their rights to be treated as equals in all areas of life. However although in the countries mentioned above racism and discrimination have led to violence and internal confrontation and conflict, it has not been influential in creating an international level conflict. Galtung defines cultural violence as being those aspects of culture, the symbolic sphere of our existence, exemplified by religion, ideology, language, art and empirical science. (Galtung, 1990, pg 291) He goes on to explain that these structures can be used to justify direct and structural violence. Galtung tries to illustrate that societys norms of behavior can be used as structured violence. Things that are seen as wrong can be colored to make them look normal or socially acceptable in that society. He uses a mathematical formula to demonstrate that the higher your social status the greater your life expectancy, the lower your social status the shorter your life expectancy will be. In most cases this is because the structure is weighted in favor of one particular race or group of peoples. Because of this those that have greater access will benefit from the services that the social structure provides (affluent) where-as those that do not enjoy such access are not able to benefit an d there-by suffer. This suffering leads to poverty and suffering which brings with it the potential for diseases and other problems that affect the poor or repressed. When conditions like this exist it then leads to disharmony amongst the repressed and becomes the breeding ground for dissent and resentment of those who are seen as benefiting from the social structures. (Galtung, 1969) An example of this can be seen in those post colonial countries such as Sierra Leone and Liberia, where once the slaves were returned to these countries from the USA and Great Britain and told they are now free, set up cultures and structures where they were the masters. They copied what they had only ever seen which was the way their masters had lived and ruled the freed slaves copied these ways and adopted them as their own. These returned slaves were on the whole not from either of these countries and both countries had existing indigenous populations, whom were force to accept these freed slaves into their country. As they were not from either of these two countries they bought with them their own beliefs and culture that differed from that of the indigenous population. This imposition of outside cultures and beliefs only adds to any resentment held by the indigenous peoples. As mention above the freed slaves copied the ways they had observed from their masters and began to see that this way of living and doing things was the norm or accepted way (affluent). This in turn caused friction with the indigenous population, (repressed) which after a period of time led to small scale conflict and later to a larger internal conflict which have until recently was still being fought. (History World, 2010) Although the USA and Great Britain had good intentions, when they repatriated ex slaves the consequences have been terrible for both countries. It also highlights what Galtung was eluding to when he wrote about cultural violence as a form of structural violence. The freed slaves took on the role of master in both countries and the indigenous population became the repressed citizens in their own country. This led to discontent and finally to conflict. The conflict in each country was internal to both countries with limited involvement from neighboring countries, and although humanitarian support was provided by the international community the conflict remained localised. In recent years food security has been identified as a potential flashpoint for conflict. When he wrote in the Journal of Peace Research in 1990, Galtung introduced the topic of violence against nature as a form of structural violence. He may have been musing about the future, however twenty years later the structured systems of countries that have seen vast tracts of land slashed and burned in the name of sustainable economic growth (Galtung, 1990, pg 294) has caused the depletion of non-renewable resources. Large areas of land are stripped of vegetation to allow for the expansion of agricultural land and for mineral resources such as timber, oil and gas. These actions by governments have marginalised those groups whom have traditionally worked these lands or lived in the forest areas. These groups are now forced to abandon their traditional ways and be moved into makeshift towns where they are denied their rights to hunt and fish on their ancestral lands. An example of this is in B razil and other countries where the Amazon forest stretches across their borders. This forest is rapidly being cut down to make way for mineral exploration and the expansion of agricultural land. By doing this the government are forcing the indigenous peoples to withdraw further into the forests or forcing them to live in makeshift shanty towns which impose on them a lifestyle they are not used to or adapted for. Because of the size of the Amazon forest and its influence on the global environmental system, any interference with the forest will have environmental effects globally. This combined with at times contested idea that global pollution has influenced the global weather patterns and led to global warming. This global warming has interfered with the traditional weather systems and affected crops and animal production to such as extent that it has created a whole new group of disadvantaged peoples. (Rainforest Action Network, 2007) When examined what is happening as a result of planned government and global initiatives in industry and in the name of sustained economic growth is a form of structured violence. This can be further explain at country level as well, with those countries that have mineral wealth or those countries that are able to afford to access to the mineral wealth and those countries that cannot afford access to minerals or as a result of exploitation are drifting further into poverty and deprivation. Galtungs observation twenty years ago has proven to be valid today and could possibly be the catalyst for conflict in the future. If we examine the origins of the only two truly international conflicts the First and Second World Wars we will see that it was not the due to systematic structural violence. The events that led to the commencement of international conflict were not as a direct result of structural violence. In the case of the First World War, an assassination of an heir to the throne of the Austria-Hungary empire by a group of student idealists whom at the time of the actual assassination not intending to kill the Archduke Ferdinand, but were instead more focused on the assassination of Governor Potiorek and only at the last moment did the target switch to the Archduke. (Sowards, S.1996) Although the assassination was politically motivated it was perpetrated by a small group of idealist young men. The months between the assassination of the Archduke and the declaration of hostilities which led to a rapid chain reaction of events as countries were drawn into the conflict through existing alliances. (FirstWorldWar.com) This lapse in time shows that it was a more deliberate action to go to war, than an immediate reaction to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. (Sowards, 1996) The event that sparked the start of the Second World War was the German invasion of Poland, whom was an ally of both Britain and France. Prior to the invasion of Poland, Hitler and the Nazis had for many years previously articulated in speeches and propaganda of the need for race and space These concerns centered on the importance of racial purity (Aryan race) and on the need for a nation to be prepared to compete with its neighbors in a brutal, uncompromising and ceaseless struggle to survive and to expand. (Henig, R. 1997) Why Hitler hated the Jewish population so much still remains a mystery. What led him to order the extermination of millions of Jews is still open to debate. Hitler and the Nazis were racists and persecuted many different groups in societies such as homosexuals, which led to the killing of homosexuals regardless of their race or origins. The drive for a pure Aryan race was before the war only rhetoric, it was not until the war started that structures were put in p lace to suppress and kill millions of Jews and others. It was not structured violence that led to the Second World War, as the structures were put in place as the war started. (Minorityrights.com). As horrific as these wars were they were not started as a direct of structural violence, however when conflict started the policies and regimes that were put in place ensured that millions suffered. These events are examples of structural violence. Structural violence as has been indicated above has been and is still a major part of todays societies. Not all structural violence ends up in conflict, such as the rules in countries such as Saudi Arabia, where it is forbidden for women to drive a car. This type of entrenched structural violence continues today in many different parts of the world. Racism and Cultural violence are two of the more visible forms of structural violence we see or hear about. These forms of structural violence have their roots in the past in areas such as slavery and ethnic divisions. A new area of structural violence offered by Galtung was that of the structural violence against nature or the environment. This concept although new has gained new importance in the modern era when areas such as food security and environmental degradation are gaining global importance. Although environmental structural violence has not led to global conflict it is responsible for many small internal conflicts as the indigenous inhabitants of the lands or forests fight to keep their lands and waters from being taken from them in the name sustainable economic growth. As demonstrated above structural violence has led to many internal or regional conflicts, but has not been directly responsible for the starting of major international conflicts such as the First and Second World Wars. The extent that structural violence has had on international conflict is small. Structural violence is responsible for many internal or regional based conflicts, but they have not spread to a truly international conflict. I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use. -Galileo  Galilei.  Italian  astronomer,  mathematician,  and  physicist  (1564-1642)

Renewable Energy Essay -- Energy, Fossil Fuel, Oil, Natural Gas

The most of global energy production produces from fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas. The vast fossil fuels generate energy which use for many purposes for instant residential, transportation and industrial sectors. While the rate consumption of fossil fuel higher than their formation leads to oil price crisis. Another concern of fossil fuel combustion is the impact on the environment. Global warming is a significant problem which results in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. These problems drive researchers and societies to search alternative energy such as switching to renewable energy or carbon-free energy to replace fossil fuels. For example Nakata et al., (2011:465) show ‘low-carbon society’ that is designed to use less fossil fuel. According to Verbruggen et al., (2010:852) define renewable energy ‘is obtained from the continuing or repetitive currents of energy occurring in the natural environment’ such as wind and biomass. Many countries accept carbon-free energy as alternative energy, and are trying to develop and apply new technologies that will enable them to use renewable energy sources in the most efficient way. However switching to carbon-free energy argued that is an unrealistic way. This essay aims to assess the differences in opinion between supports and argues of renewable energy that switching to carbon-free energy is unrealistic. Firstly consider about employing renewable energy. Secondly evaluate the sustainable development of biofuel and wind energies. Finally conclude arguments on potential renewable energy to replace fossil fuels. Owing to the increase in the global population accompanied by an increase in energy demand as a result oil price crisis. Many governments... ...f renewable energy or carbon-free debate and argument. This essay has attempted to evaluate the potential renewable energy both in terms of sustainable development and reducible global warming. Renewable energy such as biofuel and wind energy can be seen as a safe, reliable and cost effective alternative to using fossil fuels for energy security. However the development of green energy has drawbacks so funds for research and develop for chance from lab-scale products into commercial products should be provided and these fuels will become increasingly expensive to use. Clearly more could be done to produce carbon-free energy and more efficient and reduced environmental impacts. Also awareness of the advantages of renewable energy has been steadily growing and it is expected that the share of renewable energy in the total generation capacity will increase in future.

Leadership Style Essay

Background of CEO According to Xerox. com (2013) Ursula Burns joined Xerox in 1980 as a Mechanical Engineering summer intern. In the company pivotal point, Burns led several business teams to include the color and office network printing business. In 2000, Burns was named senior vice president corporate strategic Services heading up manufacturing and supply chain operations. And in 2009, Burns was named the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in July 2009 and made the largest acquisition in Xerox history with the 6. 4 billion dollar purchase of Affiliated Computer Services. Ursula Burns was the first African-American women CEO to head a fortune 500 company. Burns also was the first to succeed another woman CEO. Analyze the CEO Leadership Style Burns climbed the corporate ladder to the mountain top of Xerox. Burns employee’s claims that Burns is open, grounded, and down to earth. Edmondson-Bell (2010) stated regardless of her race and gender, Burns is an example of the new breed of authentic, self-aware corporate leadership (Edmondson-Bell, 2010). In most organizations the CEO is considered to be stiff and unapproachable. According to Schermerhorn (2012) leadership appears in two forms formal and informal leadership. Formal leadership exerted by persons appointed or elected to a position. Informal leadership exerted persons who become influential because of special skills that meet the needs of others (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns is a true leader who earned the support of her stall and employees of Xerox. Burn’s remaining grounded and being transparent in the business matters of Xerox keeps her leadership style sort after in the marketplace. In business, part of your success in your career is having a mentor. Burns utilize her very own mother as her mentor. According to Tseng (2011) Burns admired her mother for raising her and two siblings as a single parent and in a not so good area in Lower Manhattan, New York. One of the most important lessons Burns learned is do what you love (Tseng, 2011). This type of mindset is what carried Burns up to the top of her organization. Burns took over a company that was struggling to complete with Ricoh and Cannon. The worker of Xerox found that their future was uncertain. Burns change the uncertainty to certainty in the work environment. According to Colvin (2010) Burns speaks boldly and bluntly in a famously and overly genteel culture (Colvin, 2010). Burns made needed and dramatic action to turn Xerox around to become a profitable and striving company. Personal and Organizational Values Burns personal and organization value is reputation. According to Sellers (2012) Burns knows that personal experience how reputation can make or break a corporation (Sellers, 2012). Having a good reputation is essential to business success. When success in a corporate setting is sometime measured by the amount of money made a bad reputation could affect the organizations financially. A reputation can be destroyed in a matter of minutes. Burns focus on what she is facing. According to Schermerhorn (2012) power-oriented behavior is action directed primarily at developing or using relationships in which other people are willing to defer to one’s wishes (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns uses here unique relationship to give the organization an upfront approach. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that empowerment is the process by which management help others to acquire and use the power needed to make decisions affecting themselves and their work (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns empowers her employees, which will cause a since of belonging. Burns focuses on personal fulfillment rather than on things. Ethical Behavior Burns values are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization. According to Xerox. com (2013) Burns started that this is a time to be at our most vigilant and even more aware of the importance of ethical behavior and uphold the organization’s core values (Xerox. com, 2013). Burns values were instilled in her by her mother. Burns direct approach will influence others to hold ethical behavior to high regards. Burns has been the organization leader when comes to ethical practices. Seidman (2010) stated that there is a high demand for ethical leadership, yet there is short supply (Seidman, 2010). Burns will be considered the one that is in that short supply category. Seidman (2010) also stated that ethical leadership extend trust to their workers, creating the conditions necessary to empower employees, suppliers and even customers to take risks necessary to create game changing innovations (Seidman, 2010). Burns believes in empowerment of her employees. Burns lead with impatience while still maintaining focus. Burns is a woman from a low income family in New York to one of the most powerful women, according to several publications. Gaete (2012) mentioned that Burns keys to lead with impatience are education, impatience to push change, focus, move towards the future, transform, be direct to achieve, empower your people, and don’t take short-cut (Gaete, 2012). Burns value will definitely influence others to be ethical. Schermerhorn (2012) wrote that ethical leadership is characterized by caring, honest, principled, fair, and balanced choices by individuals who act ethically, set clear ethical standards, communicate about ethics with followers and reward as well as punish others based on ethical or unethical conduct (Schermerhorn, 2012). Greatest Strength and Weaknesses Burns is a very successful CEO and a powerful corporate leader. Burns has took advantage of a changing industry and made to correct adjustments to be successful. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that leaders deal with mastering challenges of change while creating a satisfying healthy and effective workplace for its employees (Schermerhorn, 2012). Every human or individual has strength and weaknesses. Burns greatest strengths are impatience, hard work and value based leadership. According to Basu (2013) leader strengths are when leaders communicate direction to the organization, clearly, organize groups for particular tasks and define roles and have a structured work environment (Basu, 2013). Burns strengths are connected to professional behavior and ethical practices. Burns impatience’s is translated into boldness action for the higher purpose of Xerox to be led and to take risks. Xerox acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services transformed Xerox to be one of the leaders in business services and technology. Burns works hard, focus and deliver results. Burns came from being a summer intern to being a CEO of the same Company. Burns articulate her values to the organization often and loudly. Burns lives by her beliefs and make daily business decisions on personal and professional values. Every leader has weaknesses and Burns is no exception. Basu (2013) stated that weaknesses of a tasks oriented style of leader fear of breaking the rules among employees which may cause a lack of creativity. Low morale, and high turnover (Basu, 2013), Burns has a deep industry knowledge, but Burns also has frankness, sharp humor and willingness to take risks. These traits can be a display as weakness. These traits can be misconstrued as a brash individual who only thinks of oneself. Contributes to Leader’s Success The quality that contributed to Burns success is her drive to affect change and do it ethically. According to Mehta (2012) all executives walk a fine line between being collaborative and being the boss (Mehta, 2012). Burns has many great qualities that made her successful in the industry. Burns was the first black female CEO of a major corporation. Burns story of her rise from low income family to CEO of Xerox is contributed to her drive to be successful. According to Peck (2011) Burns recommended six keys to leadership; be authentic, listen, recognize the you can’t do everything yourself, take a stand, measure, and have fun (Peck, 2011). Burns is very successful, but has a contagious drive in which her exuded. Burns worked hard at every level and the opportunity presented itself for CEO. Burns believes in education and working hard no matter where you are in your career. Assess Dynamics Burns has made it a priority to use communication, collaboration, empowerment and politics to influence the dynamics of Xerox. According to Bryant (2010) Burns grew up in the organization and is well known by many of the employees of the company (Bryant, 2010). Burns has changed the culture to a family oriented environment. Burns operates by having an executive team to assist in making business decisions for the organizations. Burns also have panels of employees to get their prospective on a particular business issue. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that collaborative environments are characterized by boundary less information flows more open and transparent communication, and more supportive communication dynamics (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns describes her approach to the culture as terminal niceness. Bryant (2010) stated that Burns wants all 130,000 employees to get over the past, take initiative, be fearless, frank and impatient with one another (Bryant, 2010). The politics of being the first African American female CEO is something that comes with the position. According to Bryant (2010) Burns misread the public reaction when she was named CEO. Burns started receiving phone calls from people of the caliber of Reverend Jesse Jackson, Reverend Al Sharpton and Magic Johnson (Bryant, 2010). The appointment to CEO put Burns in the public eye due to the historical meaning of her appointment. Burns was also named by President Obama to help lead the White House national program on STEM (science, technology, engineering and math). Burns was appointed vice chair of the President’s Export Council as well. Conclusion Burns was the right person for the CEO position at Xerox. Burns’ style of leadership is what the company needed during a difficult time. Burns straight forward and blunt approach proved to be the style that bring conformation of stability. Burns achieved in many way and made history in the process. A person who stayed focus and work hard to achieve her goal. This is why Xerox is one of the computer services giant in the computer software industry. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that it is important to remember that people still drive organizational systems and performance (Schermerhorn, 2012).

Failsafe Essay Writing Methods You Should Never Use

You would probably think that there is a mistake in the title – if the method is failsafe, why on Earth should you avoid using it? The reason is that it is failsafe only in the imagination of the writer. Students often tend to think about their professors as of bumbling idiots who don’t see further than the tip of their nose. When they create yet another ‘clever’ way of writing an essay which is supposed to make up for the lack of real knowledge of the subject, they believe that they are the first to think of it. They cannot be more wrong. Failsafe Methods That Are Sure to Fail Substitution of the question. So, you have no idea what to write about the issue in question, but have a fairly good knowledge of another, more or less close topic. Why not gradually lead the reader from one to another? If you do it skillfully enough, nobody will notice! But you are wrong. Your professor wants to see what you have to say about this particular question. If you try to wriggle out of it, he will notice it immediately – he has seen it hundreds of times. Overuse of academese. You don’t know much about what you are asked, so you try to envelope the little you know in as many scientific terms as possible, the more obscure they are and the more syllables they have the better. To you it looks like a terribly clever idea, and at a glance one may even think that you say something coherent. But if your professor scrapes the tint of terminology off, your ruse will become embarrassingly obvious. Fact-dumping. You remember a lot of facts, statistical data, dates and suchlike but are hard pressed when it comes to answering to the actual question. That’s why you try to cram all the facts about the subject you know into your essay: both to show that you know things and to do it before you forget them. But again – the essay is supposed to answer a specific question. If you don’t do it, the professor doesn’t care how much you know about other things. Some Food for Thought Don’t think that you are smarter than your professors and the students they dealt with before. Any ruse you may think of has been used by scores of people; some of them passed through your current professor. And don’t dismiss the possibility that this very professor tried to use the very same trick when he was a student. Seeing it used by someone else may certainly amuse him – but hardly so much as to give you points for it.